Glossary: NYS Kids' Well-being Indicators Clearinghouse (KWIC)

	DATA SOURCES

	DATA TERMS

	DEMOGRAPHIC DATA TERMS

	DATA LIMITATIONS

	GLOSSARY

	FAQS

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Item	Definition
Ability to Speak English	The U.S. Census collects data on respondents who speak a language other than English at home, referring to his/her assessment of his ability to speak English, from "very well" to "not at all."
Administrative Data	Administrative data reflect the administration of programs, policies or services, not direct population data.
Adolescent Pregnancies and Births	Pregnancies are the sum of the number of live births, reported induced terminations of pregnancies and reported fetal deaths of all gestations. The adolescent pregnancy rate is the number of pregnancies per 1,000 females in the stated age group. The adolescent live birth rate is the number of live births in an age group per 1,000 female population in the same age group. Rates are presented for adolescent pregnancies and live births for the age groups 10 through 14, 15 through 17, and 15 through 19 years.
Age	Age is generally derived from date of birth information, and is based on the age of the person in complete years.
Agency Source	The agency source identifies the agency that supplied the data to KWIC.
Aggregate Data	Aggregate data present the total number of occurrences within a geographic area, not individual data.
American Community Survey (ACS)	The American Community Survey is a large, continuous demographic survey conducted by the Census Bureau that will eventually provide accurate and up-to-date profiles of America's communities every year. Questionnaires are mailed to a sample of addresses to obtain information about households - that is, about each person and the housing unit itself. The survey produces annual and multi-year estimates of population and housing characteristics and produces data for small areas, including tracts and population subgroups. Questions asked are similar to those on the decennial census long form. ACS will replace the long form in future censuses.
Ancestry	Ancestry refers to a person's self-identification of heritage, ethnic origin, descent, or close identification to an ethnic group.
Annual Dropouts-Public Schools	In New York State, the annual dropout rate refers to the proportion of students in grades 9 through 12 who left school prior to graduation for any reason, except death and did not enter another school or high school equivalency preparation program. Annual high school dropout percents are calculated by dividing the number of students who drop out during a single year by the enrollment in grades 9 through 12 (including the portion of any ungraded secondary enrollment for that year that can be attributed to grades 9 through 12) and multiplying by 100.
Apportionment	The Constitution provides that each state has a minimum of one member in the House of Representatives, and the current size of the House (435 seats) has not changed since the apportionment following the 1910 census, except in 1959 when Alaska and Hawaii became states. Apportionment is the process of dividing the remaining 385 seats among the 50 states. Since 1941, Congress has used the method of equal proportions to calculate the apportionment. Based on Census 2000 data, 6.7 percent of the United States population resided in New York State, making it the third largest state with 29 apportioned seats.
Asthma (Three-Year Average)	The asthma hospitalization rate is based on the number of hospitalizations for asthma per 10,000 population in each of the following age groups: birth through 4 years and 5 through 14 years. Because the number of children hospitalized for asthma is very low in many counties, the asthma hospitalization rates are presented as three-year averages. Three-year averaging improves the reliability of the data in counties with small populations where slight variations in the number of children hospitalized for asthma can result in large fluctuations in their annual rates.
Births to Women with Primary Financial Coverage of Medicaid or Self-Pay	The percent of Medicaid or self-pay births is the number of all live births to women whose primary financial coverage for delivery was recorded as either self-pay or Medicaid on the birth certificate in relation to all live births for which the financial coverage is known in a given year. The source of primary financial coverage for delivery is recorded on the birth certificate at the time of birth.
Census	A census is a complete enumeration, usually of a population, but also of businesses and commercial establishments, farms, governments, and so forth. The Decennial Census is the census of population and housing, taken by the Census Bureau in years ending in zero (0). Article I of the Constitution requires that a census be taken every ten years for the purpose of reapportioning the U.S. House of Representatives. By 2010, the American Community Survey will replace the decennial long form and censuses will consist of a short form only.
Child	A child is a son or a daughter by birth, an adopted child, or a stepchild, regardless of the child's age or marital status, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Child Abuse	Child Abuse refers to a child whose parent or other person legally responsible for his/her care inflicts upon the child serious physical injury, creates a substantial risk of serious physical injury, or commits an act of sex abuse against the child. Not only can a person be abusive to a child if they perpetrate any of these actions against a child in their care, they can be guilty of abusing a child if they allow someone else to do these things to that child. (Child Abuse is defined in law at Section 412 of the Social Services Law and at Section 1012 of the Family Court Act.)
Child Abuse and Maltreatment - Children and Youth in Indicated Reports of Child Abuse and Maltreatment	Child abuse and maltreatment represent an impairment or imminent danger of impairment of a child’s physical, mental or emotional condition due to the failure of a parent, guardian or other person legally responsible for the child to exercise a minimum degree of care toward the child. This can involve the failure to provide a minimum degree of care regarding a child’s basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter, medical care, education, or proper supervision or guardianship. It can also involve the parent or other legally responsible person's use of excessive corporal punishment, the abuse or misuse of drugs or alcohol, and abandonment of a child (U.S. DHHS, 2006). Children and youth in indicated reports of child abuse and maltreatment represents the number of unique children experiencing child abuse and neglect in a given year and the rate per 1,000 children and youth 0 to 17 years in the general population.
Child Abuse and Maltreatment - Indicated Reports of Child Abuse and Maltreatment	The State Central Register receives reports concerning alleged incidents of abuse and maltreatment in families and certain publicly licensed settings. A report becomes "indicated" when there is some credible evidence that a child has experienced abuse or maltreatment. This indicator presents the number of indicated reports in a given calendar year and the percentage of reports that are indicated in a given year. The percentage is determined by dividing the total number of indicated reports by the total number of reports. Reports can include more than one child and more than one type of abuse or maltreatment; therefore, this indicator is report-oriented, not child-oriented.
Child Abuse and Maltreatment - Resulting in Court Cases	In New York State, Child Protective Services (CPS), within the local Department of Social Services [in New York City, the Administration for Children’s Services (ACS) provides child protective services], is the authorized entity that investigates reports of child abuse and maltreatment, protects children (under 18 years old) from further abuse or maltreatment, and provides rehabilitative services to children, parents and other involved family members. If there is some credible evidence that the report of child abuse or maltreatment is true, the report is considered indicated. In those situations where, in order to protect the child, CPS finds it necessary to remove the child from the home, or CPS finds that families are not complying with the rehabilitative services deemed necessary to maintain a child safely at home, the law instructs CPS to seek the authority of the court to sanction the removal of the child or to mandate the services.These proceedings are initiated by filing a petition in Family Court charging neglect or abuse. The rate of children in indicated reports of child abuse and maltreatment that result in petitions to Family Court is determined by dividing the number of unique children in indicated reports with petitions filed in Family Court in a given year by the total number of unique children in indicated reports of child abuse and maltreatment in that year.
Child Abuse and Maltreatment - Resulting in Removal of Child	In New York State, children who are suspected of being abused or maltreated become the subject of a report to the State Central Registry (SCR). Reports to the SCR are transmitted electronically to local Social Services District (SSD) child protective service (CPS) units for investigation and assessment of risk of harm and services need. The CPS caseworker determines whether a child named in an SCR report has been abused or maltreated and whether the child is at imminent risk of harm by remaining in the home and at immediate risk of foster care placement. If deemed necessary, CPS may remove children on an emergency basis, at or before submitting a petition of abuse and neglect to Family Court, or after the Court investigates the evidence and issues a disposition (decision) ordering the removal. Removal, based on the perceived threat to a child’s safety and well-being, can occur at any time while a child abuse and neglect case is open. The rate for children removed is calculated by dividing the total number of children with a removal date at or before the initial court hearing by the total number of children with abuse and neglect petitions filed in that year. The rate of children removed at or before petition filing date is calculated by dividing the number of children with a removal date equal to or less than the petition date in a given year by the total number of children with abuse and neglect petitions filed in that year. The rate of children removed at the initial court hearing is calculated by dividing the number of children removed at the initial court hearing by the total number of children with abuse and neglect petitions filed in that year.
Child Abuse/Maltreatment Reports	Reports refer to the allegation of any concerned person or “mandated” reporter (persons who are required by state law to report suspicions of child abuse and neglect) of suspected child abuse or neglect to the New York Statewide Central Register of Child Abuse and Maltreatment (1-800-342-3720). The Central Register relays information from the calls to the local Child Protective Service for investigation, monitors their prompt response, and identifies if there are prior child abuse or maltreatment reports. Reports can include more than one child as well as more than one type of abuse or neglect for an individual child. Therefore, reports do not reflect individual children.
Child and Adolescent Mortality (Three-Year Average)	Child and adolescent mortality is the total number of deaths to children between 1 and 19 years of age. The annual number of these deaths per 100,000 children/youth ages 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, and 15 to 19 years is the respective child/adolescent mortality rate. Since child/adolescent mortality is a relatively rare event in many counties, the numbers and rates are presented as three-year averages. Three-year averaging improves the reliability of the data in counties with small populations where slight variations in the number of child mortalities can result in large fluctuations in their annual rates.
Children and Youth Living Below Poverty	Children are considered to be living in poverty if their family income, before taxes, falls below the poverty thresholds set by the federal government for families of different sizes. The Federal and State Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) as well as the value of non-cash benefits such as public housing, food stamps, Medicaid, or school meals are not included when calculating family income. In addition, certain costs such as taxes and work-related expenses are not subtracted from family income in determining the number of children who are poor. The poverty thresholds are adjusted each year for changes in the cost of living. In 2006, the poverty threshold for a single parent and two children was $16,242; for a married couple with two children the poverty threshold was $20,444.
Children and Youth living in families Below 200% of Poverty level	The number and percent of children under age 18 who live in families with incomes less than 200 percent of the federal poverty level, as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. In 2008, a family of four with an annual income of $42,440 was considered living below 200% of the federal poverty level.
Children and Youth Receiving Food Stamps	The Food Stamp Program is a federally funded entitlement program designed to increase the food purchasing power of low-income households to a level that allows these households to purchase a low cost, but nutritionally adequate diet. Generally, households are expected to devote 30 percent of their countable income to food, including households whose only income is from public assistance. The Food Stamp Program then provides the difference between that amount and the maximum benefit. Maximum benefits are set at the amount needed to purchase the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Thrifty Food Plan. Income and resource limits in the Food Stamp Program are somewhat higher than in public assistance programs, allowing more households to be eligible for food stamps than are eligible for public assistance. Consequently, more children in New York State receive food stamps than receive public assistance.
Children and Youth Receiving Public Assistance	Public assistance programs provide cash aid to meet the basic support needs of individuals and families. To be eligible for public assistance, a family's countable income and resources must fall below certain limits. Families receive the difference between countable income and a standard of need based on their family size and the housing costs for their district (districts include New York City and each of the Rest of State counties). The profiles show the number and percent of children (i.e., persons less than 18 years old), who received public assistance in New York State at the end of the respective years. A child was counted as receiving public assistance at the end of the year if they received aid under the State’s Family Assistance (FA) program or the State’s Safety Net (SN) program. A federally subsidized program, FA is the state's primary public assistance program for families with children. SN, a state funded general assistance program, provides public assistance for single adults, childless couples, and a relatively small number of families with children who are not eligible for aid under FA. Prior to and including 1997, children were counted as receiving public assistance if they received aid under either the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program or the Home Relief (HR) program, programs that predated the FA and SN programs discussed above.
Children and Youth Receiving Supplemental Security Income	The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program provides monthly cash benefits to aged, blind and disabled persons with income and resources below certain limits. Unlike state-administered public assistance programs, SSI is administered by the federal Social Security Administration according to uniform national standards. Children in New York State receive SSI if they meet the blindness or disability criteria, and in addition, meet the income and resource requirements for eligibility. Although SSI income and resource standards are low, they are generally higher than those for public assistance. Moreover, cash benefits paid on behalf of the child are significantly higher than public assistance benefits received for children.
Children Receiving Free or Reduced-price School Lunch - Public Schools	Free and Reduced-price School Lunch participation identifies the number and percentage of public school students in full-day kindergarten (K) though sixth grade participating in one of New York State's primary school nutrition programs. The percent is computed by dividing the number of students with an approved application for either free or reduced-price lunch by the total enrollment for those public school grades and multiplying by 100 for the school year. Eligibility is determined by federal guidelines for family income and size.
Citizenship	People who indicate that they were born in the United States, Puerto Rico, a U.S. Island Area, or abroad of a U.S. citizen parent(s) are citizens. People who indicate that they are U.S. citizens through naturalization are also citizens. Naturalized citizens are foreign-born people who identify themselves as naturalized. Naturalization is the conferring, by any means, of citizenship upon a person after birth. People who indicate they are not U.S. citizens are not citizens.
Cohort	A cohort is a well-defined group of people who have had a common experience. For example, a group of people born during a particular period or year is called a birth cohort.
Confidentiality	KWIC presents the total number of occurrences within a geographic area, not individual data. For indicators with relatively rare events in many counties, rates are presented as three-year averages. Therefore, it is unlikely that individuals would be identified. However, data users need to be aware of confidentiality issues related to using health and well-being data and respect and protect the privacy of individuals.
Congenital Anomalies	Congenital anomalies are defects existing at and usually before birth regardless of causation.
Court Processing - PINS Average Age at Petition	A Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) petition can be filed on any child exhibiting problematic PINS behaviors prior to the age of eighteen. This indicator presents the average age at which New York State juveniles became the respondent of a PINS petition.
Court Processing - PINS Average Number of Adjournments	An adjournment is an order to postpone or suspend court proceedings until a later date, and for Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) original petitions, adjournments can take place for a number of reasons. They may allow extra time for a respondent to undergo recommended assessments or evaluations, for a probation officer to complete an initial investigation of the child's situation and family circumstances, or to ensure that the child has had adequate time to discuss the PINS matter with his/her law guardian. For each case, adjournments are calculated by counting the number of appearances, excluding the initial appearance that took place up to the date of the case's disposition. The average is calculated by summing the number of appearances and dividing by the number of cases.
Court Processing - PINS Median Days	A number of indicators measure the amount of time spent in the court process. Median days from petition to disposition for PINS original petitions -- This indicator measures the total median days it takes Family Courts to process Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) petitions from filing date to case disposition and final outcome. This time frame includes the entire court process and provides an overview of the median length of time it takes a PINS petition to become resolved through the Family Court system. The petitions represented here here do not exclude petitions that were withdrawn or dismissed at the first appearance. This indicator is calculated by finding the median number of days per case between the petition filing date and the disposition date. Median days from petition to disposition for PINS cases involving detention -- A respondent is typically remanded to detention in two week increments, which corresponds with the usual length of time until the next court appearance. A respondent cannot legally remain in detention for 14 days or longer without a court review, so the next appearance date on the petition also serves as this review, and at that point the court will decide to either release the respondent from the detention center or continue to remand him/her until the next court appearance. The median number of days from petition to disposition is calculated for cases where the respondent spent time in detention while awaiting the outcome of the court process. Median days from petition to disposition for PINS violation petitions -- Violation petitions may or may not result in the respondent being remanded to detention, depending on the severity of the infraction. This indicator is calculated by finding the median number of days between the violation petition filing date and the disposition date for these cases.
Court Processing - PINS Original Petitions Cases Disposed at Initial Appearance	Sometimes Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) petitions are resolved or disposed at the initial court appearance. This can take place for a number of reasons, for example, the petition may be withdrawn by the prosecuting attorney and dismissed by the court, the respondent may accept the terms of a conditional discharge, probation, or an adjournment in contemplation of dismissal, or the petition could be settled or transferred to another jurisdiction or the respondent could receive a suspended judgment. For whatever reason the case is disposed, the number of cases resolved or disposed at the initial court appearance are counted as the number of cases in which the initial appearance date is the same as the disposition date. The indicator is the number of these cases divided by the total number of PINS original petitions filed.
Court Processing - PINS Original Petitions Cases Involving Detention	A PINS respondent can be remanded to a non-secure detention facility only if the court finds that he or she presents a substantial risk of failing to appear for the next court date or is at risk of committing an act that, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime. A PINS respondent cannot, by law, be placed in a secure detention facility. The PINS respondent may be placed only at a non-secure facility, which must be certified by the New York State Office of Children and Family Services. This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of cases involving detention by the total number of PINS original petitions filed.
Court Processing - JD Average Age at Petition	A juvenile delinquent is a person over the age of seven and less than sixteen who has committed an act that would constitute a crime if committed by an adult; therefore, all juvenile delinquency petitions are filed on children ranging from seven to fifteen years of age. This indicator presents the average age at which New York State juveniles became the respondent of a juvenile delinquency original petition, and is calculated by finding the mean age of all the respondents at the point of filing.
Court Processing - JD Average Number of Adjournments	An adjournment is an order to postpone or suspend court proceedings until a later date. Juvenile delinquent original petition adjournments can take place for a number of reasons. They may allow extra time for a respondent to undergo recommended assessments or evaluations, for a probation officer to complete an initial investigation of the child's situation and family circumstances, or to ensure that the child has had adequate time to discuss the delinquency matter with their law guardian. For each case, adjournments are calculated by counting the number of appearances except the initial appearance that took place up to the date of the case's disposition. The total number of adjournments is divided by the number of cases.
Court Processing - JD Median Days	A number of indicators measure the amount of time spent in the court process. Days from Petition to Disposition -- this indicator measures the median days it takes Family Courts to process Juvenile Delinquency petitions, from filing date to case disposition and final outcome. This time frame includes the entire court process and provides an overview of the median length of time it takes a juvenile delinquency original petition to become resolved through the Family Court system. The petitions counted in this number do not exclude petitions that were withdrawn or dismissed at the first appearance. This indicator is calculated by finding the median number of days from the petition filing date to the disposition date. Days from Petition to Fact Finding -- this indicator measures the length of time between the filing of a juvenile delinquency petition and the Fact Finding hearing. The Fact Finding hearing is the juvenile delinquent's version of a criminal trial, except there is no jury present for this proceeding. During the hearing, the prosecuting agency attempts to prove that the allegations in the petition are true by presenting witnesses and other evidence. The respondents' attorneys may cross-examine these witnesses, and also present witnesses of their own to attempt to discredit the validity of the allegations. Once all the witnesses and evidence have been introduced and heard, the judge determines whether the prosecuting agency has proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the respondent has committed the acts alleged in the petition. If the judge decides that the burden of proof has not been met, the case is dismissed. If the judge does not make a finding that the acts alleged in the petition are true, the case will be moved on to a dispositional hearing to determine what outcome is appropriate for the respondent. This indicator is calculated by finding the median number of days between the petition filing date and the fact finding date. Days from Fact Finding to Disposition -- this indicator measures the length of time between the resolution of the Fact Finding hearing and the outcome of the Dispositional hearing. This time can vary depending on the outcome of the Fact Finding hearing. Typically, after a Fact Finding hearing, the judge will order the Probation Department to complete an investigation report describing the respondent's behavior at home, school and in the community, and include a social and familial history. However, if the judge orders any extra reports to be completed, such as a psychological evaluation or a comprehensive assessment of functioning, the time between fact finding and disposition can possibly take longer than usual. Also, if the outcome of the fact finding hearing is a recommendation of placement, the availability of a bed at an appropriate facility can be a factor in how long it takes to complete a disposition. This indicator is calculated by finding the median number of days between the fact finding date and the disposition date. Days from Petition to Disposition for Detention Cases -- A respondent is typically remanded to detention in two week increments, which corresponds to the usual length of time until the next court appearance. A juvenile cannot legally remain in detention for 14 days or longer without a court review, so the next appearance date on the petition also serves as this review, and at the point the court will decide to either release the juvenile from the detention center or continue the remand until the next court appearance. Median days spent in detention includes only case in which the respondent spent time in detention while awaiting the outcome of the court process. This is calculated by finding the median number of days between the petition filing and the disposition date for youth remanded to detention. Days from filing Violation Petition to Disposition -- This measures the length of time that passes between the filing of a violation petition and the date of the petition's resolution at court. Violation petitions may or may not result in the respondent being remanded to detention, depending on the severity of the infraction. This is calculated as the median number of days between the violation petition filing date and the disposition date.
Court Processing - JD Original Petitions Cases Disposed at Initial Appearance	Sometimes a juvenile delinquency petition is resolved or disposed at the initial appearance. This can take place for a number of reasons. For example the petition may be withdrawn by the prosecuting attorney and dismissed by the court; the respondent may accept the terms of a conditional discharge or an adjournment in contemplation of dismissal; the petition could be settled or transferred to another jurisdiction; or the respondent could receive a suspended judgment. Cases disposed at initial appearance are those cases where the initial appearance date is the same as the disposition date. The percent of disposed cases is calculated by dividing the total number of cases disposed at the initial appearance by the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions filed.
Court Processing - JD Original Petitions Cases Involving Detention	A respondent facing a juvenile delinquency charge may be placed in either a secure or non-secure detention facility at different points, either before or after adjudication or disposition during the progression of the case through the court process. This indicator only includes the cases in which the remand to detention occurred between the petition filing date and the date of case disposition. Cases in which a juvenile is taken to detention based on a decision by law enforcement prior to the initial appearance are not counted, and neither are cases in which a respondent is remanded to detention post-disposition, such as during a wait for a court-mandated placement to become available. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number of cases involving detention by the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions filed.
Court Processing - JD Original Petitions Charge of Designated Felony (E-Petitions)	There are certain very serious, violent acts that, by their nature, if committed by a 13-, 14- or 15-year old, enable the courts to treat the child as an adult in Criminal Court. A designated felony petition, filed by the District Attorney's Office, removes this type of case out of the Criminal Court and into Family Court, initiating a designated felony proceeding. If the allegations in the E-petition are found to be true, the respondent may then be adjudicated as a juvenile offender, and is subject to more serious penalties than a juvenile delinquent. This percent of original petitions that involve designated felonies (i.e., E-petitions) is calculated by dividing the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions by the number of designated felony petitions.
Data Source	The data source identifies the agency that compiled the data along with the file, certificate, or record used to compile the data (pertains to the numerator data).
Date Compiled	The date compiled identifies the time the data were accessed and calculated. Since data for some indicators are continuously updated (e.g., SPARCS data), the numbers and rates accessed at different dates may reflect different findings.
Decennial Census	The census of population and housing, taken by the Census Bureau in years ending in 0 (zero). Article I of the Constitution requires that a census be taken every ten years for the purpose of reapportioning the U.S. House of Representatives. Title 13 of the U. S. Code provides the authorization for conducting the census in Puerto Rico and the Island Areas.
Demographics	The federal government considers race and Hispanic origin to be two separate and distinct concepts. Hispanic, a self-designated classification, is defined as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. Origin can be viewed as ancestry, nationality, or country of birth of the person or person's parents or ancestors prior to their arrival in the United States. In an effort to better reflect the country's growing diversity, the U.S. Census gave respondents the option of self-selecting one or more race categories to indicate their racial identities as of the 2000 Census. Respondents indicating only one race are referred to as race alone population or the group that reported only one race category. Six categories make up this population: White; Black or African American; American Indian or Alaska Native; Asian; Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander; and Some Other Race. Individuals who chose more than one of the six race categories are referred to as the Two or More Races population. All respondents who indicated more than one race can be collapsed into the Two or More Races category. The six One Race Alone categories with the Two or More Races category produce seven mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories and tally the sum of the total population.
Denominator	The denominator is the lower portion of a fraction used to calculate a rate or ratio. In a rate, the denominator is usually the population at risk.
Detention - JD Secure and Non-secure Detention Admissions	A young person charged as a juvenile delinquent (JD) may be placed in a secure or non-secure juvenile detention facility pending his/her adjudication. Pre-adjudication detention primarily occurs during court hours as a result of a judicial order, or after court hours if the arresting officer recommends immediate detention and the detention facility authorizes the stay. A youth admitted to detention in the latter scenario, by an arresting officer, must appear in Family Court on the next business day and a detention hearing must be held within 72 hours of admission. While less common, a youth may additionally be ordered to detention post-disposition, in response to a violation of probation or as a waiting period for a court-mandated placement to become available. New York State's Family Court Act asserts that detention should be used in delinquency cases only in response to two types of risk: (1) risk of failure to appear in court and (2) risk of re-arrest pending a court return date. Article 3, Section 320.5 states, "The court shall not direct detention unless it finds and states the facts and reasons for so finding that unless the respondent is detained: (a) there is a substantial probability that he/she will not appear in court on the return date; or (b) there is a serious risk that he/she may, before the return date, commit an act which, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime." The key distinction between secure and non-secure facilities is the level of restriction. Secure facilities are locked while non-secure facilities are not. Non-secure facilities are often termed 'staff-secure' as opposed to 'hardware-secure.' Across the state, there are nine secure juvenile detention facilities located in seven jurisdictions: Albany, Erie, Monroe, Nassau, Onondaga, Westchester, and New York City. Counties that do not have their won secure option rely on out-of-county detention facilities. In addition, there are more than 40 non-secure detention facilities across the state. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. The number of unique individuals admitted to secure or non-secure juvenile detention facilities refers to an actual count of youth who were detained at any point in the calendar year, including those whose stay extended into the next year. If some youth were admitted more than once, the number of unique individuals may be smaller than the total number of admissions. JD non-secure unique admissions rate This is calculated based on the number of unique admission of JD youth residents in each county to non-secure juvenile detention facilities in a given year (not necessarily in the same county) per 1,000 county residents between the ages of 10 and 17 years. JD secure unique admissions rate This is calculated based on the number of unique admission of JD youth residents in each county to secure juvenile detention facilities in a given year (not necessarily in the same county) per 1,000 county residents between the ages of 10 and 17 years. JD non-secure admissions rate This is calculated based on the total number of admissions of JD youth residents in each county to non-secure juvenile detention facilities in a given year (not necessarily in the same county) per 1,000 county residents between the ages of 10 and 17 years. JD secure admissions rate This is calculated based on the total number of admissions of JD youth residents in each county to secure juvenile detention facilities in a given year (not necessarily in the same county) per 1,000 county residents between the ages of 10 and 17 years. While juvenile delinquency jurisdiction in New York State ends at age 16, meaning that the young person must be under 16 at the time of arrest, it is not uncommon for JD youth to be 16 years or older during the latter parts of their case proceedings.
Detention - JD Secure and Non-secure Detention Admissions by Age & Gender	A young person charged as a juvenile delinquent (JD) may be placed in a secure or non-secure juvenile detention facility pending his/her adjudication. Pre-adjudication detention primarily occurs during court hours as a result of a judicial order, or after court hours if the arresting officer recommends immediate detention and the detention facility authorizes the stay. A youth admitted to detention in the latter scenario, by an arresting officer, must appear in Family Court on the next business day and a detention hearing must be held within 72 hours of admission. While less common, a youth may additionally be ordered to detention post-disposition, in response to a violation of probation or as a waiting period for a court-mandated placement to become available. New York State's Family Court Act asserts that detention should be used in delinquency cases only in response to two types of risk: (1) risk of failure to appear in court and (2) risk of re-arrest pending a court return date. Article 3, Section 320.5 states, "The court shall not direct detention unless it finds and states the facts and reasons for so finding that unless the respondent is detained: (a) there is a substantial probability that he/she will not appear in court on the return date; or (b) there is a serious risk that he/she may, before the return date, commit an act which, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime." The key distinction between secure and non-secure facilities is the level of restriction. Secure facilities are locked while non-secure facilities are not. Non-secure facilities are often termed 'staff-secure' as opposed to 'hardware-secure.' Across the state, there are nine secure juvenile detention facilities located in seven jurisdictions: Albany, Erie, Monroe, Nassau, Onondaga, Westchester, and New York City. Counties that do not have their won secure option rely on out-of-county detention facilities. In addition, there are more than 40 non-secure detention facilities across the state. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. Age and gender indicators present the number and percentage of JD youth of particular age category or gender that are admitted to secure or non-secure detention facilities in a given year. These figures are based upon the number of total admissions, not unique individuals. This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of youth in a given age category (13 years and under; 14 to 15 years; 16 years and older) who are admitted to secure detention by the total number of admissions, not the total number of unique individuals. JD non-secure detention admissions by age This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of youth in a given age category (13 years and under; 14 to 15 years; 16 years and older) who are admitted to non-secure detention by the total number of admissions, not the total number of unique individuals. JD secure detention admissions by gender This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of youth in a given gender category (male; female) who are admitted to secure detention by the total number of admissions, not the total number of unique individuals. JD non-secure detention admissions by gender This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of youth in a given gender category (male; female) who are admitted to non-secure detention by the total number of admissions, not the total number of unique individuals.
Detention - JD Secure and Non-Secure Detention Admissions by Authority	A young person charged as a juvenile delinquent (JD) may be placed in a secure or non-secure juvenile detention facility pending his/her adjudication. Pre-adjudication detention primarily occurs during court hours as a result of a judicial order, or after court hours if the arresting officer recommends immediate detention and the detention facility authorizes the stay. A youth admitted to detention in the latter scenario, by an arresting officer, must appear in Family Court on the next business day and a detention hearing must be held within 72 hours of admission. While less common, a youth may additionally be ordered to detention post-disposition, in response to a violation of probation or as a waiting period for a court-mandated placement to become available. New York's Family Court Act asserts that detention should be used in delinquency cases only in response to two types of risk: (1) risk of failure to appear in court and (2) risk of re-arrest pending a court return date. Article 3, Section 320.5 states, "The court shall not direct detention unless it finds and states the facts and reasons for so finding that unless the respondent is detained: (a) there is a substantial probability that he/she will not appear in court on the return date; or (b) there is a serious risk that he/she may, before the return date, commit an act which, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime." The key distinction between secure and non-secure facilities is the level of restriction. Secure facilities are locked while non-secure facilities are not. Non-secure facilities are often termed 'staff-secure' as opposed to 'hardware-secure.' Across the state, there are nine secure juvenile detention facilities located in seven jurisdictions: Albany, Erie, Monroe, Nassau, Onondaga, Westchester, and New York City. Counties that do not have their own secure option rely on out-of-county detention facilities. In addition, there are more than 40 non-secure detention facilities across the state. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. JD secure admissions by police This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD police admissions to secure juvenile detention facilities in a given year by the total number of secure admissions to juvenile detention facilities in the same year. JD non-secure admissions by police This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD police admissions to non-secure juvenile detention facilities in a given year by the total number of non-secure admissions to juvenile detention facilities in the same year. JD secure police admissions with a warrant This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD police admissions with a warrant to secure juvenile detention facilities in a given year by the total number of secure admissions to juvenile detention facilities in the same year. JD non-secure police admissions with a warrant This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD police admissions with a warrant to non-secure juvenile detention facilities in a given year by the total number of non-secure admissions to juvenile detention facilities in the same year. JD secure admissions by court remand This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD admissions by court remand to secure juvenile detention facilities in a given year by the total number of secure admissions to juvenile detention facilities in the same year. JD non-secure admissions by court remand This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD admissions by court remand to non-secure juvenile detention facilities in a given year by the total number of non-secure admissions to juvenile detention facilities in the same year.
Detention - JD Secure and Non-secure Detention Admissions by Charge Severity	A young person charged as a juvenile delinquent (JD) may be placed in a secure or non-secure juvenile detention facility pending his/her adjudication. Pre-adjudication detention primarily occurs during court hours as a result of a judicial order, or after court hours if the arresting officer recommends immediate detention and the detention facility authorizes the stay. A youth admitted to detention in the latter scenario, by an arresting officer, must appear in Family Court on the next business day and a detention hearing must be held within 72 hours of admission. While less common, a youth may additionally be ordered to detention post-disposition, in response to a violation of probation or as a waiting period for a court-mandated placement to become available. New York State's Family Court Act asserts that detention should be used in delinquency cases only in response to two types of risk: (1) risk of failure to appear in court and (2) risk of re-arrest pending a court return date. Article 3, Section 320.5 states, "The court shall not direct detention unless it finds and states the facts and reasons for so finding that unless the respondent is detained: (a) there is a substantial probability that he/she will not appear in court on the return date; or (b) there is a serious risk that he/she may, before the return date, commit an act which, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime." The key distinction between secure and non-secure facilities is the level of restriction. Secure facilities are locked while non-secure facilities are not. Non-secure facilities are often termed 'staff-secure' as opposed to 'hardware-secure.' Across the state, there are nine secure juvenile detention facilities located in seven jurisdictions: Albany, Erie, Monroe, Nassau, Onondaga, Westchester, and New York City. Counties that do not have their own secure option rely on out-of-county detention facilities. In addition, there are more than 40 non-secure detention facilities across the state. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. JD secure admissions with a felony charge This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD admissions to secure juvenile detention facilities with a felony charge in a given year by the total number of secure admissions to juvenile detention facilities in the same year. JD non-secure admissions with a felony charge This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD admissions to non-secure juvenile detention facilities with a felony charge in a given year by the total number of non-secure admissions to juvenile detention facilities in the same year. JD secure admissions with misdemeanor charge This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD admissions to secure juvenile detention facilities with a misdemeanor charge in a given year by the total number of secure admissions to juvenile detention facilities in the same year. JD non-secure admissions with misdemeanor charge This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD admissions to non-secure juvenile detention facilities with a misdemeanor charge in a given year by the total number of non-secure admissions to juvenile detention facilities in the same year.
Detention - JD Secure and Non-secure Detention Admissions by Ethnicity & Race	A young person charged as a juvenile delinquent (JD) may be placed in a secure or non-secure juvenile detention facility pending his/her adjudication. Pre-adjudication detention primarily occurs during court hours as a result of a judicial order, or after court hours if the arresting officer recommends immediate detention and the detention facility authorizes the stay. A youth admitted to detention in the latter scenario, by an arresting officer, must appear in Family Court on the next business day and a detention hearing must be held within 72 hours of admission. While less common, a youth may additionally be ordered to detention post-disposition, in response to a violation of probation or as a waiting period for a court-mandated placement to become available. New York's Family Court Act asserts that detention should be used in delinquency cases only in response to two types of risk: (1) risk of failure to appear in court and (2) risk of re-arrest pending a court return date. Article 3, Section 320.5 states, "The court shall not direct detention unless it finds and states the facts and reasons for so finding that unless the respondent is detained: (a) there is a substantial probability that he/she will not appear in court on the return date; or (b) there is a serious risk that he/she may, before the return date, commit an act which, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime." The key distinction between secure and non-secure facilities is the level of restriction. Secure facilities are locked while non-secure facilities are not. Non-secure facilities are often termed 'staff-secure' as opposed to 'hardware-secure.' Across the state, there are nine secure juvenile detention facilities located in seven jurisdictions: Albany, Erie, Monroe, Nassau, Onondaga, Westchester, and New York City. Counties that do not have their own secure option rely on out-of-county detention facilities. In addition, there are more than 40 non-secure detention facilities across the state. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. Ethnicity and race indicators present the number and percentage of JD youth of particular ethnicity or race that are admitted to secure or non-secure detention facilities in a given year. These figures are based upon the number of total admissions, not unique individuals. Ethnicity and race indicators present the number and percentage of JD youth of particular ethnicity or race that are admitted to secure or non-secure juvenile detention facilities during a given year. These figures are based on the number of total admissions, not the total number of unique individuals. JD non-secure detention admissions by ethnicity This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of youth in a given ethnic category (Hispanic; Non-Hispanic) who are admitted to non-secure detention by the total number of admissions, not the total number of unique individuals. JD secure detention admissions by ethnicity This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of youth in a given ethnic category (Hispanic; Non-Hispanic) who are admitted to secure detention by the total number of admissions, not the total number of unique individuals. JD non-secure detention admissions by raceThis indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of youth in a given race (Black or African American; White; American Indian; Asian; and Other/Unknown) who are admitted to non-secure detention by the total number of admissions, not the total number of unique individuals. JD secure detention admissions by race This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of youth in a given race (Black or African American; White; American Indian; Asian; and Other/Unknown) who are admitted to non-secure detention by the total number of admissions, not the total number of unique individuals.
Detention - JD Secure and Non-secure Detention Admissions for Violation of Probation	A young person charged as a juvenile delinquent (JD) may be placed in a secure or non-secure juvenile detention facility pending his/her adjudication. Pre-adjudication detention primarily occurs during court hours as a result of a judicial order, or after court hours if the arresting officer recommends immediate detention and the detention facility authorizes the stay. A youth admitted to detention in the latter scenario, by an arresting officer, must appear in Family Court on the next business day and a detention hearing must be held within 72 hours of admission. While less common, a youth may additionally be ordered to detention post-disposition, in response to a violation of probation or as a waiting period for a court-mandated placement to become available. New York's Family Court Act asserts that detention should be used in delinquency cases only in response to two types of risk: (1) risk of failure to appear in court and (2) risk of re-arrest pending a court return date. Article 3, Section 320.5 states, "The court shall not direct detention unless it finds and states the facts and reasons for so finding that unless the respondent is detained: (a) there is a substantial probability that he/she will not appear in court on the return date; or (b) there is a serious risk that he/she may, before the return date, commit an act which, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime." The key distinction between secure and non-secure facilities is the level of restriction. Secure facilities are locked while non-secure facilities are not. Non-secure facilities are often termed 'staff-secure' as opposed to 'hardware-secure.' Across the state, there are nine secure juvenile detention facilities located in seven jurisdictions: Albany, Erie, Monroe, Nassau, Onondaga, Westchester, and New York City. Counties that do not have their won secure option rely on out-of-county detention facilities. In addition, there are more than 40 non-secure detention facilities across the state. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. JD secure admissions by violation of probation This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD admissions on a violation of probation to secure juvenile detention facilities within a given year by the total number of JD admissions to secure juvenile detention facilities within the same year. JD non-secure admissions by violation of probation This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of JD admissions on a violation of probation to non-secure juvenile detention facilities within a given year by the total number of JD admissions to non-secure juvenile detention facilities within the same year.
Detention - JD Secure and Non-Secure Median Length of Stay	A young person charged as a juvenile delinquent (JD) may be placed in a secure or non-secure juvenile detention facility pending his/her adjudication. Pre-adjudication detention primarily occurs during court hours as a result of a judicial order, or after court hours if the arresting officer recommends immediate detention and the detention facility authorizes the stay. A youth admitted to detention in the latter scenario, by an arresting officer, must appear in Family Court on the next business day and a detention hearing must be held within 72 hours of admission. While less common, a youth may additionally be ordered to detention post-disposition, in response to a violation of probation or as a waiting period for a court-mandated placement to become available. New York's Family Court Act asserts that detention should be used in delinquency cases only in response to two types of risk: (1) risk of failure to appear in court and (2) risk of re-arrest pending a court return date. Article 3, Section 320.5 states, "The court shall not direct detention unless it finds and states the facts and reasons for so finding that unless the respondent is detained: (a) there is a substantial probability that he/she will not appear in court on the return date; or (b) there is a serious risk that he/she may, before the return date, commit an act which, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime." The key distinction between secure and non-secure facilities is the level of restriction. Secure facilities are locked while non-secure facilities are not. Non-secure facilities are often termed 'staff-secure' as opposed to 'hardware-secure.' Across the state, there are nine secure juvenile detention facilities located in seven jurisdictions: Albany, Erie, Monroe, Nassau, Onondaga, Westchester, and New York City. Counties that do not have their won secure option rely on out-of-county detention facilities. In addition, there are more than 40 non-secure detention facilities across the state. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. JD non-secure detention length of stay presents the median number of days in a given year youth stay in non-secure detention facilities. JD secure detention length of stay presents the median number of days in a given year youth stay in secure detention facilities.
Detention - PINS Non-secure Detention Admissions	Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS), or status offenders, are youth who enter the juvenile justice system for non-criminal behavior, such as truancy, 'incorrigibility,' or running away. In New York State, PINS youth may only be held in non-secure facilities. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. New York City does not use non-secure detention facilities for PINS cases; rather the city's Administration for Children's Services is responsible for PINS cases that are remanded prior to adjudication. The number of unique individuals admitted to non-secure detention facilities refers to an actual count of PINS youth who were detained at any point in the calendar year, including those whose stay extended into the next calendar year. The youth are attributed to counties based on the court location in which the youth is involved. If some youth were admitted more than once, the number of unique individuals may be smaller than the number of total admissions. PINS non-secure detention total admissions rates are calculated based on the total number of admissions of PINS residents in each county to a non-secure detention facility (not necessarily in the same county) per 1,000 county residents between the ages of 10 and 17 years. PINS non-secure detention unique admissions rates are calculated based on the total number of unique admissions of PINS residents in each county to a non-secure detention facility (not necessarily in the same county) per 1,000 county residents between the ages of 10 and 17 years. PINS jurisdiction in New York State ends at age 18.
Detention - PINS Non-secure Detention Admissions by Age & Gender	Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS), or status offenders, are youth who enter the juvenile justice system for non-criminal behavior, such as truancy, 'incorrigibility,' or running away. In New York State, PINS youth may only be held in non-secure facilities. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. New York City does not use non-secure detention facilities for PINS cases; rather the city's Administration for Children's Services is responsible for PINS cases that are remanded prior to adjudication. Demographic indicators present the number and percentage of PINS youth of a particular demographic that are admitted to non-secure detention facilities in a given year. These figures are based upon the number of total admissions, not the number of unique individuals. PINS non-secure admissions by age Indicators are calculated by dividing the total number of PINS youth of a particular age group (13 years and under; 14 to 15 years; 16 years and older) admitted to non-secure detention facilities during a given year by the total number of PINS non-secure detention admissions in the same year. PINS non-secure admissions by gender Indicators are calculated by dividing the total number of PINS youth of a particular gender (females; males) admitted to non-secure detention facilities during a given year by the total number of PINS non-secure detention admissions in the same year.
Detention - PINS Non-secure Detention Admissions by Authority	Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS), or status offenders, are youth who enter the juvenile justice system for non-criminal behavior, such as truancy, incorrigibility, or running away. In New York State, PINS youth may only be held in non-secure facilities. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. New York City does not use non-secure detention facilities for PINS cases; rather the city's Administration for Children's Services is responsible for PINS cases that are remanded prior to adjudication. PINS non-secure detention admissions by authority present the number and percentage of PINS youth that are admitted to non-secure detention facilities in a given year. These figures are based upon the number of total admissions, not unique individuals. PINS non-secure admissions by police This is calculated by dividing the number of PINS admissions by police to non-secure detention facilities in a given year by the total number of PINS non-secure detention admissions in the same year. PINS non-secure police admissions with warrant This is calculated by dividing the number of PINS police admissions with warrants to non-secure detention facilities in a given year by the total number of PINS non-secure detention admissions in the same year. PINS non-secure admissions by court remand This is calculated by dividing the number of PINS admissions by court remand to non-secure detention facilities in a given year by the total number of PINS non-secure detention admissions in the same year.
Detention - PINS Non-Secure Detention Admissions by Ethnicity & Race	Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS), or status offenders, are youth who enter the juvenile justice system for non-criminal behavior, such as truancy, 'incorrigibility,' or running away. In New York State, PINS youth may only be held in non-secure facilities. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. New York City does not use non-secure detention facilities for PINS cases; rather the city's Administration for Children's Services is responsible for PINS cases that are remanded prior to adjudication. Demographic indicators present the number and percentage of PINS youth of a particular demographic that are admitted to non-secure detention facilities in a given year. These figures are based upon the number of total admissions, not the number of unique individuals. PINS non-secure admissions by ethnicity Indicators are calculated by dividing the total number of PINS youth of a particular ethnic group (Hispanic; Non-Hispanic) admitted to non-secure detention facilities during a given year by the total number of PINS non-secure detention admissions in the same year. PINS non-secure admissions by race Indicators are calculated by dividing the total number of PINS youth of a particular race category (Black or African-American; American Indian, Asian, White) admitted to non-secure detention facilities during a given year by the total number of PINS non-secure detention admissions in the same year.
Detention - PINS Non-secure Detention Admissions for Truancy	Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS), or status offenders, are youth who enter the juvenile justice system for non-criminal behavior, such as truancy, incorrigibility, or running away. In New York State, PINS youth may only be held in non-secure facilities. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. New York City does not use non-secure detention facilities for PINS cases; rather the city's Administration for Children's Services is responsible for PINS cases that are remanded prior to adjudication. PINS non-secure detention admissions by authority present the number and percentage of PINS youth that are admitted to non-secure detention facilities in a given year. These figures are based upon the number of total admissions, not unique individuals. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number of PINS admissions to non-secure detention facilities for truancy allegations in a given year by the total number of PINS non-secure detention admissions in the same year.
Detention - PINS Non-secure Detention Admissions for Violation of Probation	Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS), or status offenders, are youth who enter the juvenile justice system for non-criminal behavior, such as truancy, incorrigibility, or running away. In New York State, PINS youth may only be held in non-secure facilities. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. New York City does not use non-secure detention facilities for PINS cases; rather the city's Administration for Children's Services is responsible for PINS cases that are remanded prior to adjudication. This indicator is calculated by dividing the number of PINS admissions to non-secure detention facilities for violation of probation in a given year by the total number of PINS non-secure detention admissions in the same year.
Detention - PINS Non-Secure Median Length of Stay	Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS), or status offenders, are youth who enter the juvenile justice system for non-criminal behavior, such as truancy, 'incorrigibility,' or running away. In New York State, PINS youth may only be held in non-secure facilities. Most counties have one or two non-secure facilities, often group homes that provide beds solely to the county. These facilities are typically privately run and staffed. New York City does not use non-secure detention facilities for PINS cases; rather the city's Administration for Children's Services is responsible for PINS cases that are remanded prior to adjudication. PINS non-secure detention admissions by authority present the number and percentage of PINS youth that are admitted to non-secure detention facilities in a given year. These figures are based upon the number of total admissions, not unique individuals. This indicator presents the median number of days PINS youth spend in non-secure detention facilities in a given year.
Determining Cause	While data may help describe factors of an event (e.g., who, what, when and where of an occurrence), data alone usually cannot demonstrate why an event occurs.
Determining Comparability	In order to confidently compare two or more percents/rates, the numerators and denominators need to be compatible. Use data that have been collected with scientific rigor and consistency to ensure the integrity of the data. In addition, here are some other factors to consider: Who collected the data? Why were the data collected? Were similar methods and definitions used to identify the occurrences? Were similar population sources/estimates used? If the rates are crude, what population characteristics need to be considered? Are the numbers large enough to portray reliable data? What time periods are being compared? Have policy shifts occurred that could influence the findings? Have resources targeted the indicator that could influence the findings?
Disability	As defined by the U.S. Census, disability is a long-lasting physical, mental, or emotional condition. This condition can make it difficult for a person to do activities such as walking, climbing stairs, dressing, bathing, learning, or remembering. This condition can also impede a person from being able to go outside the home alone or to work at a job or business.
Disposition	Disposition refers to a determination made by a social service agency that evidence is or is not sufficient under state law to conclude that maltreatment occurred.
Dispositions - JD Original Petitions by Disposition	The juvenile delinquency original petitions filed result in various dispositions, as described below. Petitions resulting in Adjournment in Contemplation of Dismissal (ACD)-- this is an adjournment of a proceeding for a specified duration,typically six months in a juvenile delinquency case, in anticipation of the ultimate dismissal of the petition. A respondent given an ACD is expected to behave lawfully and in cooperation of adults and service providers for the six month adjournment, and, if at the end of this time the respondent has followed the direction of the Court's order, the petition is dismissed and the respondent will not face adjudication. If, however, the respondent violates the conditions of the ACD, the matter is brought back into Court for resumed proceedings. This is calculated by dividing the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions having an ACD outcome by the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions filed. Petitions resulting in Conditional Discharge-- For a child to be adjudicated a juvenile delinquent, the court must determine that the child's behavior or actions warrant the intervention of court ordered supervision, treatment or confinement. A conditional discharge is one dispositional outcome that the court may order upon adjudication, and is generally considered to be one of the least serious consequences that a juvenile delinquent can face. A conditional discharge is the recommendation that the respondent will be allowed to live at home without court supervision but with certain specific conditions regarding the child's behavior that must be followed. For example, a respondent may be ordered to refrain from contact with a certain individual or to avoid contact with law enforcement. The conditions of the discharge last for up to one year, at which point the case is dismissed if the conditions are met. This is calculated by dividing the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions with conditional discharges by the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions. Petitions resulting in Placements In some cases, the court may determine that a respondent who has been adjudicated a juvenile delinquent exhibits treatment needs that can only be met by placing the child out of his or her home for a designated period of time. Juvenile delinquents are typically placed for up to one year, although in more serious circumstances, the court can place the respondent away from home for up to two years. When placement is warranted, custody of the respondent is transferred to a social service agency, either the local Department of Social Services, or as in New York City, the Administration for Children's Services, or sometimes in more serious cases, the Office of Children and Family Services. These agencies are bound by state law to identify and obtain the 'least restrictive environment' necessary for a respondent to receive appropriate treatment. There are numerous levels of restrictiveness that a respondent may be placed in, depending on the child's individual treatment needs and future goals. These levels can range from a group home setting affording a relatively high degree of earned freedom, to a community-based residential facility with a dorm-like setting, to a locked facility akin to a more restrictive environment. All respondents requiring placement are monitored by the custodial agency, which determines treatment progress and returns the case to the court's attention when necessary. This is calculated by dividing the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions resulting in placement divided by the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions filed. Petitions resulting in Probation/Supervision When a respondent is adjudicated a juvenile delinquent, the court may determine that the respondent is in need of court supervision to ensure that the respondent obeys certain expectations and conditions of behavior. In these cases, the court can direct the respondent to complete a term of probation, lasting up to two years, during which the respondent lives at home but is monitored by the Probation Department. Depending on the treatment needs of the respondent, the court may order the respondent to participate in Intensive Probation, which provides additional support in terms of contact and monitoring. The Probation Department keeps the court apprised of the status of the probationer's case. This is calculated by dividing the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions with probation orders by the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions filed. Petitions resulting in Withdrawal/Dismissal Withdrawals and dismissals generally occur when it has been deemed that there is not enough credible evidence to substantiate the allegations of the petition, that there are extenuating circumstances that mitigate the allegation, or if further investigation has exonerated the respondent. These dispositions can also occur if during the course of the court process, the respondent shows significant initiative and improvement in following court directives and improving behavior. This is calculated by dividing the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions with a disposition of withdrawn/dismissed by the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions filed. Petitions resulting in Other dispositions Although petitions are most commonly disposed through a withdrawal, dismissal, adjournment in contemplation of dismissal, order of supervision, or placement, there are still many circumstances by which cases can be resolved. These miscellaneous outcomes are grouped together as 'other' and include transfers to other courts, transfers to other proceedings, suspended judgments, extensions of placement or extensions of probation. This is calculated by dividing the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions classified in this other category by the total number of juvenile delinquency original petitions filed.
Dispositions - JD Placement Dispositions with Felony Findings	This indicator represents respondents who are placed as an outcome of being adjudicated a juvenile offender resulting from a designated felony petition. Juvenile offenders have been found guilty of more serious offenses than juvenile delinquents , and thus, are subject to harsher consequences in terms of court outcomes. Due to a felony finding, a juvenile offender can face a maximum stay in placement with a New York State Office of Children and Family Services-operated secure facility up to the age of eighteen, dependent on the severity of the felony committed. This indicator is presented separately because in most designated felony cases, the typical result of a felony finding is placement rather than a less restrictive alternative. This is calculated by dividing the total number of juvenile delinquency placements with felony findings by the total number of juvenile delinquency placements.
Dispositions - JD Placements	This indicator presents the rate of juvenile delinquency placements per 1,000 county residents between the ages of 10 and 17 years of age in the general population. The rate allows a cross-county comparison to be made regarding the incidence of residential placements as a result of juvenile delinquency petitions. It is calculated by dividing the total number of juvenile delinquency placements by an estimate of the number of youth ages 10 through 17 years in the general population, then multiplying by 1,000.
Dispositions - JD Violation Petitions Resulting in Placement	In some cases, a violation of petition can result in a respondent being placed residentially. In the case of a respondent failing to respond to less serious court intervention, such as intensive supervision services and probation recommendations, the probation officer may file a violation petition recommending to the court that the Probation Department has exhausted its resources and that the respondent is in need of residential treatment. The court will then review the report of the probation officer and may then place the respondent in the custody of the State or local Department of Social Services for residential placement. This is calculated by dividing the total number of juvenile delinquency violation petitions with placement outcomes by the total number of juvenile delinquency violations petitions filed.
Dispositions - PINS Original Petitions by Disposition	The petitions filed result in various dispositions, as described below. Petitions resulting in Adjournment in Contemplation of Dismissal (ACD) This is an adjournment of a proceeding for a specified duration,typically six months in a Person in Need of Supervision (PINS) case, in anticipation of the ultimate dismissal of the petition. A respondent given an ACD is expected to behave lawfully and in cooperation of adults and service providers for the six month adjournment, and, if at the end of this time the respondent has followed the direction of the court's order, the petition is dismissed and the respondent will not face adjudication. If, however, the respondent violates the conditions of the ACD, the matter is brought back into court for resumed proceedings. This is calculated by dividing the total number of PINS petitions having an ACD outcome by the total number of original PINS petitions filed. Petitions resulting in Placements In some cases, the court may determine that a respondent who has been adjudicated a PINS exhibits treatment needs that can only be met by placing the child out of his or her home for a designated period of time. PINS respondents can only be placed for up to one year, although the original term of placement can be modified by a request to the court, if appropriate. When placement is warranted, custody of the respondent is transferred to a social service agency, either the local Department of Social Services, or as in New York City, the Administration for Children's Services. PINS respondents can only be placed in a non-secure type of placement, meaning that they cannot be placed in locked group homes or residential facilities. Among the non-secure placement options, there is still some variation in the level of restrictiveness available and PINS respondents are placed according to their individual treatment needs. All respondents requiring placement are monitored by the custodial agency, which determines treatment progress and returns the case to the court's attention when necessary. This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of PINS petitions resulting in placement divided by the total number of PINS petitions filed. Petitions resulting in Probation/Supervision When a respondent is adjudicated a PINS, the court may determine that the respondent is in need of court supervision to ensure that the respondent obeys certain expectations and conditions of behavior. In these cases, the court can direct the respondent to complete an Order of Probation, lasting up to one year, during which the respondent lives at home but is monitored by the Probation Department. Depending on the treatment needs of the respondent, the court may order the respondent to participate in Intensive Probation, which provides additional support in terms of contact and monitoring. The Probation Department keeps the court apprised of the status of the probationer's case. This is calculated by dividing the total number of PINS petitions resulting in probation orders by the total number of PINS petitions filed. Petitions resulting in Withdrawal/Dismissal Sometimes a PINS case is disposed at the intitial appearance, resolving the petition and ending the court proceeding. Most times when this occurs, the petition is either withdrawn by the prosecuting agency or dismissed by the judge. Withdrawals and dismissals generally occur when it has been deemed that there is not enough credible evidence to substantiate the allegations of the petition, that there are extenuating circumstances that mitigate the allegation, or if further investigation has exonerated the respondent. This is calculated by dividing the total number of of withdrawn/dismissed PINS petitions by the total number of PINS petitions filed. Petitions resulting in Other dispositions Although PINS petitions are most commonly disposed through a withdrawal, dismissal, adjournment in contemplation of dismissal, order of supervision, or placement, there are still many circumstances by which cases can be resolved. These miscellaneous outcomes are grouped together here, and include transfers to other courts, transfers to other proceedings, suspended judgments, extensions of placement, or extensions of probation. This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of PINS miscellaneous petitions by the total number of PINS petitions filed.
Dispositions - PINS Placements	The Persons in Need of Supervision (PINS) placement rate allows for a cross-county and regional comparison regarding the incidence of residential placements as a result of PINS petitions and is calculated by dividing the number of PINS petitions resulting in placements by a population estimate of the number of youth ages 10 to 17 years in the general population then multiplying that by 1,000.
Dispositions - PINS Violation Petitions Resulting in Placement	In some cases, a violation petition can result in a respondent being placed residentially. In the case of a respondent failing to respond to less serious court interventions such as intensive supervision services and probation recommendations, the probation officer may file a violation petition recommending to the court that the Probation Department has exhausted its resources and that the respondent is in need of residential treatment. The court will then review the report of the probation officer and may then place the respondent in the custody of the State or local Department of Social Services for residential placement. This indicator is calculated as the total number of violation petitions resulting in placement by the total number of PINS violation petitions.
Educational Attainment	Educational attainment refers to the highest level of education completed in terms of the highest degree or the highest level of schooling completed.
Family	As defined by the Census, family is a group of two or more people who reside together and who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption.
Family Household	A family includes a householder and one or more people living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption. All people in a household who are related to the householder are regarded as members of his or her family. A family household may contain people not related to the householder, but those people are not included as part of the householder's family in census tabulations. Thus, the number of family households is equal to the number of families, but family households may include more members than do families. A household can contain only one family for purposes of census tabulations. Not all households contain families since a household may comprise a group of unrelated people or one person living alone.
Family Type	Family type refers to how the members of a family are related to one another and the householder. Families may be a "Married Couple Family," "Single Parent Family," "Stepfamily," or "Subfamily."
Female Householder	A female householder with no husband present maintains a household with no husband of the householder present.
Firearm Related Index Crimes	New York State Uniform Crime Report (UCR) Index Crimes reports include data on firearms present during the commission of murder, forcible rape, robbery or aggravated assault. Collectively, these are referred to as violent index crimes. A crime is recorded in the jurisdiction in which it is reported to have occurred and only the most serious offense in a crime incident is recorded. The firearm-related crime rate is the number of reported violent index crimes where a firearm was present divided by and estimated population and multiplied by 1,000.
Five Leading Causes of Death by Race/Ethnicity (Three-Year Average)	This category summarizes the five leading causes of death among New York State children and youth and the percentage they represent of all deaths within each age group, including: birth to less than 1 year, 1 to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years, and 15 to 19 years. Since the number of deaths to children and youth is very low within each race and ethnic category, the five leading causes of death are presented as three-year averages. Three-year averaging improves the reliability of the data where slight variations in the numbers can result in large fluctuations in the annual rates.
Five Leading Causes of Death by Region (Three-Year Average)	This category summarizes the five leading causes of death among New York State children, and the percentage they represent of all deaths within each age group. Since the number of deaths to children and youth is very low in many counties, the five leading causes of death are presented as three-year averages for New York State, New York City and Rest of State. Three-year averaging improves the reliability of the data where slight variations in the numbers can result in large fluctuations in the annual rates.
Foreign-born	Foreign-born includes people who are not U.S. citizens at birth.
Foster Care - Adoption Milestones	Adoption Milestones presents four indicators that measure milestones in the multi-step adoption process for children in foster care on the adoption track: Goal Set presents the number of children with a goal set to adoption during the calendar year and the percentage of all children in foster care at any time during the calendar year. Freed for Adoption presents the number of children freed during the calendar year and the percentage of all children in foster care at any time during the calendar year. Placed for Adoption presents the number of children placed for adoption during the calendar year and the percentage of all children in foster care who had a goal of adoption on December 31 of given year or had a goal set to adoption, were freed, placed or discharged to adoption at any time during the calendar year. Discharged to Adoption presents the number of children discharged to adoption during the calendar year and the percentage of children in foster care at any time during the calendar year with a goal of adoption and status of free for adoption. Note: Children with waivers are excluded from all indicators.
Foster Care - Children and Youth Admitted to Foster Care	Children admitted to foster care are those children under age 18 years who enter placement outside their home as the result of a court order in a given calendar year. Responsibility for the care and custody of these children is transferred, by court order, from the child's parents to the Commissioner of the local Department of Social Services. Children and youth admitted to foster care provides the number of children admitted to foster care during a given calendar year and the rate per 1,000 children 0 to 17 years in the general population. Children and youth admitted to foster care by placement type, age groups and race/ethnicity presents the number of children entering foster care in a respective sub-category in a given year and the percentage per children and youth entering foster care in that given year.
Foster Care - Children and Youth Admitted to Foster Care by Subgroups	Children admitted to foster care are those children under age 18 years who enter placement outside their home as the result of a court order in a given calendar year. Responsibility for the care and custody of these children is transferred, by court order, from the child's parents to the Commissioner of the local Department of Social Services. Children and youth admitted to foster care provides the number of children admitted to foster care during a given calendar year and the rate per 1,000 children 0 to 17 years in the general population. Children and youth admitted to foster care by placement type, age groups and race/ethnicity presents the number of children entering foster care in a respective sub-category in a given year and the percentage per children and youth entering foster care in that given year.
Foster Care - Children and Youth Discharged from Foster Care	Children are discharged from foster care when the court is satisfied that a permanency plan is sufficient to ensure the child’s safety and well-being. Children are discharged from foster care to a variety of caregivers, including: parent(s), relative, adoptive parent, their own care, and “other.” The rate of children discharged from foster care is calculated by dividing the number of children discharged in a given calendar year by the total number of children who were in foster care at any time during the calendar year. The percentage of each type of discharge is calculated by dividing the respective number of children discharged by the total number of children and youth discharged during the given calendar year.
Foster Care - Children and Youth Experience Abuse and Maltreatment in Foster Care	Children are the victims of abuse and neglect in foster care if they are the subject of substantiated reports of maltreatment by a foster parent or facility staff. The rate of abuse and neglect in foster care is calculated by dividing the number of substantiated reports of abuse and neglect in foster care in a given federal fiscal year by the total number of children in foster care during that period. Only data for New York State is presented as the county of origin for the child is not always clearly identified.
Foster Care - Children and Youth In Care	Children in foster care are children and youth who are in the care and custody of the Commissioner of the local Department of Social Services on December 31 of a given year. The foster care settings for this "24-hour substitute care for children placed away from their parents or guardians" (U.S. DHHS, 2005) include, but are not limited to: Home care: nonrelative foster family homes and pre-adoptive homes, Relative care: relative foster homes, Congregate care: group homes, emergency shelters, residential facilities, and Other care: Agency Operated Boarding Homes, Group Residences, Residential Treatment Facility (RTF) and Intermediate Care Facility (ICF). Children and Youth in Foster Care presents a "point in time" number of children in the care and custody of the Commissioner of the local Department of Social Services on December 31 of a given year and the rate per 1,000 children 0 to 21 years in the general population. Children and Youth in Foster Care by Placeme